MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR PAPER/WASTE PAPER

MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR PAPER/WASTE PAPER:

MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR PAPER/WASTE PAPER:

         Paper-making is thought to have originated in China in about 100 A.D. using rags, hemp and grasses as the raw material, and beating against stone mortars as the original fiber separation process. Although mechanization increased over the intervening years, batch production methods and agricultural fiber sources remained in use until the 1800s. Continuous paper-making machines were patented at the turn of that century. Methods for pulping wood, a more abundant fiber source than rags and grasses, were developed between 1844 and 1884, and included mechanical abrasion as well as the soda, sulphite, and sulphate (Kraft) chemical methods. These changes initiated the modern pulp and paper manufacturing era.
 The major pulp and paper making processes in the current era: mechanical pulping; chemical pulping; re-pulping waste paper; paper-making; and converting. The industry today can be divided into two main sectors according to the types of products manufactured. Pulp is generally manufactured in large mills in the same regions as the fiber harvest (i.e., mainly forest regions). Most of these mills also manufacture paper - for example, newsprint, writing, printing or tissue papers; or they may manufacture paperboard. Figure  shows such a mill, which produces bleached kraft pulp, thermomechanical pulp and newsprint. Note the rail yard and dock for shipping, chip storage area, chip conveyors leading to digester, recovery boiler (tall white building) and effluent clarifying ponds. Separate converting operations are usually situated close to consumer markets and use market pulp or paper to manufacture bags, paperboard, containers, tissues, wrapping papers, decorative materials, business products and so on.

There has been a trend in recent years for pulp and paper operations to become part of large, integrated forest product companies. These companies have control of forest harvesting operations (see the Forestry chapter), lumber milling (see the Lumber industry chapter), pulp and paper manufacturing, as well as converting operations. This structure ensures that the company has an ongoing source of fiber, efficient use of wood waste and assured buyers, which often leads to increased market share. Integration has been operating in tandem with increasing concentration of the industry into fewer companies and increasing globalization as companies pursue international investments. The financial burden of plant development in this industry has encouraged these trends to allow economies of scale. Some companies have now reached production levels of 10 million tonnes, similar to the output of countries with the highest production. Many companies are multinational, some with plants in 20 or more countries worldwide. However, even though many of the smaller mills and companies are disappearing, the industry still has hundreds of participants. As an illustration, the top 150 companies account for two-thirds of pulp and paper output and only one-third of the industry’s employees.


Economic Importance :


The manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products ranks among the world’s largest industries. Mills are found in more than 100 countries in every region of the world, and directly employ more than 3.5 million people. The major pulp and paper producing nations include the United States, Canada, Japan, China, Finland, Sweden, Germany, Brazil and France (each produced more than 10 million tonnes in 1994.

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VIDEO: 
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